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Writing Resources

Writing Resources While this technique is ok to make use of, it's crucial that you simply keep targeted on your subject, or you will end up with a weak thesis. Sometimes books on the identical matter could have some of the similar call numbers. For example, some other books on essay writing are located at name quantity PE 1471. You could also be bothered by financial troubles as well. But we’ve got your again, offering budget-pleasant “do my paper” services. ‘So, can I pay you to put in writing paper for me without sacrificing my lunch? The most necessary element of a paper is the titleâ€"consider the ratio of the number of titles you learn to the number of papers you read. The title is usually the primary factor a reader encounters, so its high quality determines whether the reader will make investments time in reading the summary. ’ We usually receive this question from first-time purchasers. You will get the finished order earlier than the due time, it doesn't matter what it is. This assertion must be both specific and debatable. Generally, the thesis statement shall be placed on the end of the first paragraph of your paper. The remainder of your paper will support this thesis. The introduction must be designed to attract the reader's consideration and explain the main focus of the analysis. If that is persuasive essay, then write down your arguments. If the object of the essay is to elucidate a course of , then write down a step in every circle. If your essay is intended to be informative or explain , write the major categories into which data can be divided. They wish to make sure they've all their ideas organized in their head earlier than they put anything down on paper. A fundamental guide to writing historical past papers and the way to do proper footnotes. There are additionally separate handbooks on writing specific sorts of university papers, similar to book reports, lab stories, enterprise reports and scientific and technical writing. We have listed a number of of these at the end of this as nicely. Some choose to let their analysis information them into growing a thesis statement and write it after they have accomplished nearly all of their analysis. You will introduce your overview of the topic, your main points of information, and why this subject is important. You can introduce the present understanding and background information about the topic. Toward the tip of the introduction, you add your thesis assertion, and explain how you'll provide data to assist your analysis questions. This offers the aim, focus, and construction for the remainder of the paper. The summary is utilized by readers to get a fast overview of your paper. If this an essay to tell, write the main categories into which info might be divided. If the aim of your essay is to explain a process, write down every step of the process. Take a web page of paper and write your matter on the top. In every smaller circle, write a primary concept about your topic, or level you need to make. Later, they proofread the papers using Turnitin and different online editing instruments to write down a properly-structured dissertation studded with credible sources. Contains a number of modules and quick reference links for writing various kinds of university papers. Guides students by way of every step of essay writing; consists of pointers, examples and exercises. We need to guarantee you'll be able to afford a hundred% originality and the best standard. Our vetted writers work vigorously just to ensure the final dissertation meets the utmost high quality commonplace, preserving all of your requirements and demands. No matter whether or not it has massive or small contribution in your paper, our consultants record it maintaining the precise format. They are properly-accustomed with all of the referencing kinds viz. The abstract should introduce the subject and thesis, and will provide a common statement about what you could have found in your analysis. The abstract allows you to mention each major facet of you matter and helps readers resolve whether they want to learn the remainder of the paper. Because it's a summary of the complete research paper, it is often written final. The vast data base of human psychology is helpful in paper writing. Do your greatest to minimize the variety of unfastened threads that the reader has to bear in mind at any one time. Creating a diagram or define permits you to put pen to paper and begin organizing your ideas. Don't worry or agonize over organization at this point, just create a moderately organized format for your info. Most papers could have a thesis statement or main thought and supporting facts/concepts/arguments. State your major idea as you thesis assertion, after which present your supporting details and arguments. A thesis assertion is a declarative sentence that asserts the position a paper might be taking.

How To Write A Research Paper Fast

How To Write A Research Paper Fast As properly, instructors give little consideration to technology-based mostly studying tools as an avenue for training. While these items might be extra specific than the earlier part, they aren’t going to be hyper-specific, but broad sufficient to behave as a reference factors for the rest of the paper. With adding then subtracting, increasing then consolidating, transferring from the general to the specific, you can craft an outline to be used in the thesis. Also, observe the use of old tricks, like opposing vocabulary (extracurricular v. intercurricular) which heighten the rhetoric. Teachers who refuse to make use of expertise within the classroom usually are not partaking their college students and are disregarding their students’ natural methods of learning and their social needs. Most blogs, likethis one,this one, andthis onemake utilizing transition phrases an necessary part of this process. It’s clear right here that people’s skills to speak define their cultural importance. This concept is loosely related to a different thought the creator is writing towardsâ€"that those distinctive cultural variations are often the wrongdoer for communication breakdown. â€"clarity of the argument, arguable thesis, and nicely-organized concepts! The drawback offered was that instructors take away studying tools from college students and substitute them with much less fascinating types of learning and stop social interaction with the classroom. On the other hand, a quiet meeting with a great pal over a glass of wine or beer might be simply the proper method to unwind & relaxation after a productive, yet exhausting day of writing. If you would additionally like to try out this approach, then learn on about the essential preparations, the optimal setting, and a productive writing technique. At this level, it'd seem like it’s excessive with all the wonderful work you just completed. But take one moment to take a look at the rubric one last time. We provide varied types of services to make sure you at all times bring your A recreation. Once your paper is ready, we'll e mail it to you and addContent it to the order web page in your personal Pro-Papers account. We have hired a team of pros who present professional educational help. Most of them are native audio system and PhD holders who are capable of care for any task you need assistance with. ”, you conform to our phrases of service and privateness policy. We’ll often ship you promo and account associated emails. Our professionals may give advice on the subject or content of the work and likewise consult you on tips on how to submit the project efficiently. Your English professor needs you to emphasize narrative types, whereas your artwork history professor cares about approach. Your historical past professor desires quotes from the reading, whereas your psychology professor expects you to summarize (and cite!) the sources. One professor would possibly knock off points for using in-line quotation, while another hates footnotes. Even professors in the identical division may need utterly completely different essays. social media interaction is now simply as important to most students as face-to-face interaction. But you don’t have a lot time, so that you wish to focus and narrow your ideasâ€"it’s important to success. Mapping is a technique that allows you to freely report your ideas in a logical method. So you’ve accomplished the first two steps earlier than mattress on the day your assigned the paper, now comes the powerful stuff. Start your writing day with 10 minutes of freewriting. Write with out stopping about anything that involves your mind. This helps you to heat up for writing, clear your head of any unrelated ideas, and get into the temper of writing with out editing. While it’s essential to chill out within the evening, you need to keep away from disturbances associated with social occasions. If you pull an all-nighter proper earlier than the due date, it will present. You’ll find yourself with mediocre argument, poor evidence, and a lack of polish… trust me, professors can tell. And you’ll miss out on the opportunities to gain suggestions from your professor during your writing process. Choose the type of paper you have to be written, the number of pages, deadline and other necessities. She was committed with every single details and ship the paper within deadline. Print out your paper, fire up Natural Reader, and comply with along. Mark any spots that don’t feel right and proper any last errors. Summarize the main points of this paper in your own words. In a paper, it’s easy to use simple transition phrasesâ€"due to this fact, consequently,and so forth. There is nothing incorrect with a transition word right here and there, but they are very straightforward to overuse. Texts are formatted based on the principles of the academic styles such as APA, MLA, Chicago/Turabian, Harvard, and so on. . Your professor or course mates won't ever discover out that you have requested for help along with your research paper. Can you think about what number of hours you must spend on a literature review on your study? Ordering from an onlineservice, you can finally have some time for other topics or important chores. Whether you might be engaged on a college project, making use of to a college, trying to get a job, or finishing a work report, Pro-Papers has received you covered. It will, nonetheless, be a bit simpler now that you know precisely what your prof wants and you’ve received a schedule in place. You’re going to fill out an hour or two of labor each day, accounting for different classes, social engagements, and precedence necessities. When making the schedule, set completion objectives so that the time isn’t open-ended. If your time is nebulous, you will be more likely to drop the ball.

How to Make a (Short) Movie in 15 Days

How to Make a (Short) Movie in 15 Days This past semester, I took 4.354, Intro to Video and Related Media, along with fellow blogger Abby. Throughout the course, we watched countless films of varying lengths,01 as short as 2 minutes or as long as 2 hours and of wildly different styles. Some were extremely experimental short films made years ago, and others were more modern feature length films. Simultaneously, we also learned the ins-and-outs of making a filmâ€"from the very beginning of storyboarding and organizing, to the filming, the lighting, the sound recording, and the post-processing. I got to experiment with Super8 film cameras, which are both extremely cool and extremely frustrating.02 i found when after shooting what i thought was an amazingly framed short film, i discovered as we screened it in class that my exposure was off for the entire process, and my film was nearly pitch black Later, we moved on to more modern tech in the form of a Canon 70D. For our final project, we were tasked with creating a short film, about 3 minutes in length, from start to finish. And during that process, I learned that making a movie is actually really simple!03 read: difficult and time consuming So, here’s a quick step by step guide on how I managed to finish my film in the midst of trying to finish my other classes. Conceptualizing FIRST THINGS FIRST, YOU NEED TO HAVE AN  IDEA. 1. Create your story. What are you filming? Where are you filming? Do you need a crew and actors? Ruminate over this. 2. Write a script, taking note of each scene you want to film. Format it to look like the scripts you see online, so it feels more official. 3. Draw your storyboards. Get an idea of what you want your scenes to look like, from the location, angles, and framing. The script reads:Cassandra: No, its just so frustrating and I cant do it any more. I quit. Pause. Im fine, Im fine, Im heading home now. an example storyboard from a previous assignment 4. Create a shot list for each scene. Have a list of all of the shots you want,04 for example: a close up of Character B as they say something, or a long shot from across the street to establish a location numbered accordingly. 5. Establish a crew. If you’re like me, you can convince your friends who’ve already graduated and aren’t swamped with their own final projects to help you. Filming THE NEXT OBVIOUS STEP IS TO START FILMING. YOU CAN’T HAVE A MOVIE WITHOUT FOOTAGE, SO GET OUT THERE AND GET SOME. 6. Realize you have 14 days to finish, and skip steps 3 and 4. Craft your scenes on the fly. 7. Carry a ton of heavy equipment05 including, but not limited to, Canon 70D camera with battery replacement, tripod, sound recorder, shotgun microphone with dead cat windshield (its a real film term i promise), heavy duty cable for said microphone, and whatever other props you may need  to your filming location. Even in the pouring rain. 8. Get yelled at by two different employees at the T station, realize after a quick online search that you arent allowed to film with a tripod at any Boston T station. Walk away in shame. 9. Figure out lighting for your location. Outdoors, this involves messing around with your settings06 exposure, focal length, etc and careful placement. Inside, it involves more creative moving of physical lights and the previously mentioned. 10. Make sure your sound is good. Set the recording volume accordingly, place your mics, and try to drown out the unnecessary background noise. 11. Start filming! Always do more than one take07 I did three, or more when necessary of each scene. And, have the perfect, directorial ACTION voice. 12. Use your clapsticks. I learned they actually have a use, and aren’t just decorative relics from the ancient film world! The audio visual marker of the stick coming down, and the loud clap sound makes syncing the video and sound a breeze. 13. Clap with your hands instead when you forget your clapsticks. Same effect, but much less cool looking. 14. Freeze your body and numb your fingers while you try for an hour to get the perfect outdoor tracking shot in 30 degree08 for those of you with Celsius mind- that’s about -1 degrees, so freezing weather. 15. Kill the batteries of your equipment. Laugh during takes. Have your actors improvise their lines. Forget your scene numbering because you’re not organized. Have your actors forget their lines entirely. Regret skipping steps 3-4. 16. Have your crew secretly take photos of you while you work. dont tell the mbta 17. Finish filming! 18. Buy your crew something nice to celebrate being done with one part, and for taking time out of their days to help you make a short film. And for getting caught in downpours, freezing with you, and generally doing a killer job. Cutting LASTLY, YOU HAVE TO ACTUALLY MAKE THE MOVIE. RIGHT NOW, ALL YOU HAVE IS HOURS OF RAW FOOTAGE WITH NO STORY OR DIRECTION. 19. Transfer all of your footage and audio files to your working area. I use a solid state drive and work directly from there. 20. Sort through everything on Adobe Premiere, or whatever video editing software youre using, labelling accordingly so you know what is what. 21. Mark the exact frame where a clap occurs (in both the audio and video), and sync the clips using that marker. Premiere makes this pretty easy, using Merge Clips and using the marker as a reference. 22. Go through all of your footage again when its all synced and organized, and mark the outtakes that you definitely won’t use. 23. Now, with your best footage, start throwing it in the sequence! Spend the next few hours arranging and rearranging footage. 24. Regret not making storyboards again, and try to create a vision as you work. Struggle as you try a million different iterations of the same scene. 25. Adjust the color and volume of sounds when you finish your rough cut. Watch your film. 26. Keep adjusting. Keep watching. Revert to step 23. Repeat. 27. Agonize for days about what song you will play in the background. Settle for something because you have no knowledge of deep classical music, and the film is due in two days. 28. Do some detail editing of lighting and audio. Add little sound effects where you need them. Adjust the hues in a scene to make it more blue. Carefully blend audio between scenes so nothing is too abrupt. Watch your film again. 29. Final touches. Cut two frames off the end of a clip. Adjust song volume. Watch again. Get tired of watching the same clip over and over again. Change the saturation slightly. Watch it again. You cannot rest. 30. Export the video into an .mp4 file. Watch it again, this time trying to look at it with fresh eyes. Hope you don’t hate it now that you’ve taken the time to export it. 31. You’re done! Heres my finished work, a short film Ive titled Dissonance. Without getting too into detail, so you can see for yourself, its about a troubled writer who quits her job to pursue her passions. Content warning for drug abuse and swearing. And major thanks to my crew;09 unfortunately, I did not include credits in the film Leah B., Dominik M., Hansa S., and of course, my lead actress, Kendra C. And, there you have it, a 3 minute film, and it only took roughly two weeks to make. Im not a professional, far from it, but Id be lying if I said I wasnt a little proud of my short, clichéd film. Ive had a blast in this class all semester, even if lugging heavy equipment around was a bit of a drag. Ive always wanted to learn how the film process worked, and even though it was an intro class, I feel like Ive got all the tools to pursue it further, if I want. Most importantly, its classes like this that remind me that we do more than just calculus and suffer over here. as short as 2 minutes or as long as 2 hours back to text ? i found when after shooting what i thought was an amazingly framed short film, i discovered as we screened it in class that my exposure was off for the entire process, and my film was nearly pitch black back to text ? read: difficult and time consuming back to text ? for example: a close up of Character B as they say something, or a long shot from across the street to establish a location back to text ? including, but not limited to, Canon 70D camera with battery replacement, tripod, sound recorder, shotgun microphone with dead cat windshield (it's a real film term i promise), heavy duty cable for said microphone, and whatever other props you may need back to text ? exposure, focal length, etc back to text ? I did three, or more when necessary back to text ? for those of you with Celsius mind- that’s about -1 degrees, so freezing back to text ? unfortunately, I did not include credits in the film back to text ?

Essay on Confronting Death in Poetry - 1116 Words

Confronting Death in Poetry Raised fists and a fading smile usually follow the confrontation of death as we experience the first stages of denial in the grieving process. We not only grieve at the loss of a loved one, but at the loss of our own life as well. When death rears its ugly head, it demands this response. Whether through art or science, humor or ritual, mankind marks and confronts this passage with both defiance and trepidation that eventually turns into acceptance and submission. The fear of death seems to be based on two things: the finality of death and the uncertainty of what follows. Many works have been written on the topic, some to offer consolation, others hope, and still others to urge readers to correct their†¦show more content†¦With this knowledge we plan our future, cherish expectations, hopes and dreams. Frost portrays that the dreams of the boy are dashed as he comes to the next stage of grieving, that of acceptance. Frost write, †¦Then the boy saw all - / Since he was old enough to know†¦ / He saw all spoiled (Frost 22, 23, 25) Frost then takes the reader through a similar grieving process as the family and friends of the boy experience some, or possibly all, of the same stages of grief that the boy experienced. It is stark reminder of the lives of the ordinary and of the many families who lost many children before they reached their teenage years. Disease and the lack of medical science back then resulted in a higher death rate of young children. And then the watcher at his pulse took fright No one believed. They listened at his heart†¦ No more to build on there. And they†¦. turned to their affairs. (Frost 30, 31, 33, 34) At this stage the grieving survivors cut each tie and relinquish the bonds that link them to the deceased. Frost depicts that the grieving will have to come to terms with the many life changes that may follow the boys death yet there is utter helplessness that life must go on as they turn away to their affairs. Edwin Robinsons Richard Corey takes another look at death, through the eyes of the common folk. As he spins the tale of Richard Corey, a rich man, he shows that to some the good life consists ofShow MoreRelatedT.S. Eliot - The Waste Land Brief Analytic Essay633 Words   |  3 Pagesallusions, is a confronting representation of re-establishment and rejuvenation across the entirety of a European post-war society. Eliot addresses the cyclical nature of life and death, encompassed by carefully crafted language and structure designed to disorientate the reader. The reader is offered an interpretation of human behaviour which is akin to all beings across the cohort of society, regardless of ethnicity or social class. There is realism to Eliot’s poetry that is confronting and unflinchingRead MoreLife and Women Bearing Women770 Words   |  4 PagesHarwood’s poetry are valued texts because they explore challenging ideas of nostalgia and mortality. Discuss this statement in light of your understanding of the poetry of Gwen Harwood. Gwen Harwood’s mournful laments Mother Who Gave Me Life and Father and Child explore the challenging ideas of nostalgia and mortality to provide valued texts. Harwood’s elegy Mother Who Gave Me Life nostalgically explores the confronting concepts of the unavoidability of death and past bleak memories. HarwoodRead MoreJohn Donne Poetry Analysis2693 Words   |  11 PagesJohn Donne Poetry Essay The metaphysical poets were segregated in the seventeenth century to form a new and distinct style of poetry that employed immaculate wit, complex metaphors and luminous imagery. John Donne’s poetry is no exception to the form and thematic volume of the metaphysicals. Donne explores ideas in a manner which some readers find confronting and enlightening through relentless use of metaphysical conceits and his direct address to an individual or god. Donne confronts and enlightensRead MoreDeath Be Not Proud1025 Words   |  5 PagesSpring 2013 NAME: Greg Mohnkern ID: L23191458 WRITING STYLE USED: Essay of poetry (MLA style) Thesis Statement: â€Å"Death be not proud† by John Donne personifies death, as its title aptly prescribes. Giving death human traits allows the writer to blast him with colorful images full of sarcasm and a tone of defiance. The ultimate message of the author provokes the human soul to resist the fear of death. Outline: Introduction: Thesis statement Transition: Discuss the writer’sRead MoreNature s Cover Of Death1284 Words   |  6 PagesNature’s Cover of Death By Erica R Lechich Edna St. Vincent Millay was a Pulitzer-Prized poet whose poetry reached a generation of readers that had been traumatized by the effects of World War I. Her poetry consists of free verse and romantic passionate sonnets. Millay also details deeply personal themes in her artistry. Many of these themes are visual elements described through nature’s foundations. Various themes present themselves within a poem, such as nature, death, love, and travel.Read MoreAnalysis Of The Second Coming By William Butler Yeats715 Words   |  3 PagesWilliam Butler Yeats’ poetry critiques the events of his turbulent context by expressing anxieties existing within society as well as within individuals. Composed at a time of fundamental change, post WWI and the Russian Revolution, Yeats’ modernistic poem The Second Coming highlights a chaotic and dysfunctional outlook for the future, ultimately depicting society’s uncertainties for the unknown future. On the other hand, E aster 1916 provides insight into Yeats’ own personal reality wherein he questionsRead MoreDeath Be Not Proud By John Donne1329 Words   |  6 PagesThe progression of societal beliefs regarding our approach towards death is dependent upon the changing nature of both cultural and historical contexts. In Donne’s Holy Sonnet ‘Death be not proud’ he uses second person narration to address â€Å"Death† as â€Å"thou†, â€Å"thee† and â€Å"thy†, death is not considered conceptually but anthropomorphised as the poems fundamental pride. In ‘Death be not proud’, we see how the rumination of death is shaped by Elizabethan values. Through the subverted Petrarchan structureRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Of The Light Brigade By Kenneth Slessor1491 Words   |  6 PagesSpeech Draft War Poetry â€Å"Poetry is when an emotion has found its thought and the thought has found words.† Like movies, novels and music, poems are texts that people use to reflect on their lives and experiences. Poems can have an impact on people’s thinking, not only through the things they might say to their readers, but through the discussions that readers have with each other about poems. I truly agree with this statement and believe that it accurately describes how people can reflect on theirRead MoreDulce et Decorum Est, by Wilfred Owen and the poem To Lucasta, on Going to the Wars, by Richard Lovelace,1121 Words   |  5 PagesThe two poems, â€Å"To Lucasta, going to the Wars† by Richard Lovelace and â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† by Wilfred Owen are both devoted to the subject of war. Lovelace’s poem was written in the 17th century and as well as almost all the poetry of the period has romantic diction. The war is shown as something truly worthwhile, glossed and honorable for a man. The protagonist is leaving his beloved for the battlefield and his tone is pathetic and solemn. He calls the war his new mistress and asks his belovedRead MoreAnthem For Doomed Youth And Dulce Et Decorum Est By Wilfred Owen1378 Words   |  6 PagesWilfred Owen is today recognised as the greatest poet of the first World War, his poetry at the time was considered to be controversial as it revealed the truths behind trench warfare and contradicted popular attitudes at the time. The works of Wilfred Owen, and specifically, the poems of ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth’ and ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’ are both successful in powerfully giving a voice to the soldiers of war and conveying the dark and inextricable truth behind war provoking the reader to consider

William Shakespeare s The Tempest - 1253 Words

In English class we created a treasure chest about Prospero based of the book The Tempest by William Shakespeare. We originally decided to build a treasure chest based off the whole book, but we decided to just describe the protagonist, Prospero, from the book. In the chest there will be an assortment of quotes directed from the book that describe each object and the importance of it. The objects inside of the chest include the magic stick, a book of spells, a cloak, a picture of Miranda and Prospero, a picture of Ariel and Prospero, and a picture of Caliban. One of the objects that we included in the chest was the magic stick and a book of spells to signify the importance of magic throughout The Tempest. Prospero throughout the book†¦show more content†¦He finally wants to release all of his magic powers and wants to return to his dukedom (Metzger). Prospero says, â€Å"But this rough magic I here abjure, and when I have required some heavenly music, which even now I do, t o work mine end upon their senses that this airy charm is for, I’ll break my staff, bury it certain fathoms in the earth, and deeper than did ever plummet sound I’ll drown my book† (Shakespeare 5.1.59-66) as Gonzalo, Alonso, Antonio, and Sebastian all enter a circle under a final spell. The magic throughout the book played an important role because without the magic everything would be different. In the chest also included Prospero’s cloak that he wears throughout the book. The cloak that Prospero wears also contains magic and stores his powers. Prospero tells Miranda about his magic cloak by telling her, â€Å"‘Tis time I should inform thee farther. Lend thy hand and pluck my magic garment from me. So, lie there, my art-- Wipe thou thine eyes† (Shakespeare 1.2.27-31). Prospero in the end of the book wants to have peace with everyone by apologizing and forgiving Antonio. Prospero believes that at this point no one recognizes him, he says to Ar iel, â€Å"Ariel, fetch me that hat and rapier in my cell. I will discase me, and myself present as I was sometime in Milan† (Shakespeare 5.1.93-96). He then promises Ariel that he will be set free soon. Prospero’s cloak is important because it is the source of all of his power and represents his ability to constructShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s The Tempest1267 Words   |  6 Pagesaudience. During the Enlightenment Era, William Shakespeare’s writing were a form of social commentary on the English Government. Endorsed by the king, Shakespeare’s works told tales of tragedy and whimsy, incorporating both fiction and nonfiction elements. One trademark of Shakespeare s plays were the subtle allusions to the concurrent events in the English government. This is evident in his well known and final play, The Tempest. The story of The Tempest tells the tale of Prospero, a fallen dukeRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Tragicomedy The Tempest1935 Words   |  8 Pagesstand alone, frequently including elements from other influences. William Shakespeare’s tragicomedy The Tempest (c:1611) is a play that uses intertextuality to enhance ideas about natural order. Banished to an island, Prospero, the rightful Duke of Milan, conjures up a tempest that brings him his usurping brother, Antonio in an attempt to restore his Dukedom. The play’s amalgamation of tragicomedy and the pastoral genre allows Shakespeare to warn his audience about unbalance, criticising the lavish lifestyleRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Tempest1256 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespare’s The Tempest introduces a dynamic and colorful protagonist, Prospero. Throughout the play, he establishes himself as a multi dimensional character. Prospero’s interaction with other characters in the play is vital in uncovering the many different sides of his personality. Prospero displays a different part of his personality when he interacts with Caliban, Ariel, and Ferdinand, all of whom are ploys in his master plan to regain his crown. Prospero assimilates his personality toRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Tempest1229 Words   |  5 Pages William Shakespeare most definitely did not reference Jeffrey Jerome Cohen’s Seven Monster Theses when writing his play, The Tempest. One of Cohen’s theses though - thesis four â€Å"The Monster Dwells at the Gates of Difference† - appears quite prominently in Shakespeare’s work. The thesis articulates that monsters are divisive and often arise in a culture to make one group seem superior to another. Further, societies devise monsters in order to create a scapegoat for social and political inequitiesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Tempest Essay1019 Words   |  5 PagesStephen Greenblatt, believes that antagonists such as Caliban from The Tempest represent more than a source of evil. Some theorists argue that Caliban should been seen as a â€Å"colonial other. † I agree, and in this paper I demonstrate and give prime examples as to why Caliban is misunderstood and depicted as a monster when in fact he should be viewed as a native of the island. According to Greenblatt’s argument, in The Tempest, Caliban should be viewed as a colonial other rather than a universal evilRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Tempest886 Words   |  4 PagesIn The Tempest, by William Shakespeare, there is a main issue of whether Prospero or Caliban have the better claim to control the island. In act 1, scene 2, we learn that Prospero, Miranda (his daughter), and Caliban are all located on an island. Caliban states, â€Å"This island’s mine by Sycorax my mother, (1.2.331), which means that he has inherited this island from his mother. However, critic Stephen Orgel has argued that â€Å"Power, as Prospero presents it in the play, is not inherited but self-createdRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Tempest947 Words   |  4 PagesIn Shakespea re’s The Tempest, Caliban is the primitive monster who belongs to the bottom of the power hierarchy on the island claimed by Prospero. Caliban, the original inhabitant of the island, unwillingly becomes Prospero’s slave as he uses magic to take control of the island. Prospero sees Caliban as the savage and monster who does not acknowledge the order of civilization despite his efforts to educate him. Caliban appears as an inferior and beast-like figure from nature in the eyes of the civilizedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Tempest Essay987 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The rarer action is in virtue than in vengeance† (5.1.35-36). This quote from scene five of the Tempest gives the reader a glimpse of Shakespeare’s message regarding humanity. To be human means more than to have two feet, breathe in your lungs, and the ability to communicate. To be human is a choice. Being human means showing compassion and love for those around you. In the play the Tempest , Prospero struggles with his humanity. He possesses inhuman abilities that cause him to lose sight of theRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Tempest1499 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare’s play â€Å"The Tempest† outlines many complex characters. One of which was Prospero, former Duke of Milan and powerful sorcerer. Prospero initially portrays a self-involved personality and God-complex but then throughout the course of the play this personality trait transpires into a more pragmatic approach to his life. All of these traits of this character makes it difficult to analyze the true character of Prospero. In the first Act of the play, we see Prospero using sorcery to drum upRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Tempest1469 Words   |  6 PagesThe Tempest brings out the discussion of rule, in this play the theme of rule is prominent, especially in the beginning of the play where the conversation between Prospero and Miranda (his daughter) lead the actions of Prospero, this paper will be analysing the hierarchy of the characters, the definition of justice for Prospero and who’s the king of Milan. Prospero has magical powers which is seen later in the play, the play starts off by the telling the story of the current king and his crew on

Lower the U.S. Drinking Age Free Essays

2-27-12 I. Introduction: †¢ All around the world many people drink alcohol for many different Occasions. There are drinks at parties, bars, clubs and even your home. We will write a custom essay sample on Lower the U.S. Drinking Age or any similar topic only for you Order Now You can find alcohol just about everywhere in the United States. Around the world there are many different age requirements in order to drink or buy alcohol. The majority of countries around the world have a set age minimum of eighteen years of age. So why is our drinking age 21? †¢ Why is this important to us? We are all college students and everybody knows that there is underage drinking one way or another. Professor Ruth C. Engs from Indiana University states â€Å"The legal drinking age should be lowered to about 18 or 19 and young adults allowed to drink in controlled environments such as restaurants, taverns, pubs and official school and university functions. † †¢ I believe that the legal drinking age in the United States should be lowered to the ages of 18 or 19. The reason it should be lowered is because college students will drink at least once during their first year of college. Legally, at the age of eighteen we are granted the rights of adults. And finally, by forbidding teens to not drink that forces them to drink in unsafe places. II. College students drink! †¢ College students will always drink! According to alcohol101. com 72% of all college students drink alcohol. 69% of the total 72% are underage drinkers. †¢ If the legal drinking age was lowered to 18 then drinking in college will not be as big as it is now. It would still occur but not as much as it does now. †¢ By lowering the drinking age, college students will be able to drink in safer places such as bars or clubs, instead of house parties or other places. Now that I’ve talked about college students drinking I will now move onto how at the age of 18 the U. S. calls us â€Å"adults†. III. Considered â€Å"adults† †¢ At the age of 18 in the United States we are considered â€Å"adults† and obtain all the rights and responsibilities of being adults. At this age we can now vote, sign up for the armed forces, and buy cigarettes. However we cannot buy or consume alcohol legally until 3 years later. †¢ If we are already considered as adults at the age of 18 then why can we not lower the drinking age? Now that I have talked about being adults but not being able to buy alcohol at the age of 18, I’m going to talk about now how drinking at unsafe environments is harmful. IV. Unsafe Drinking Environments †¢ Because the legal drinking age is 21, that forces college students, mainly freshman, to drink at house parties where they do not know what they are drinking at times. †¢ Drinking at house parties seems fun, however it could go bad in many ways. Since freshman cannot buy alcohol they resort to free alcohol at parties, which could be very dangerous because they will be unaware of any thing that could be put inside their drink. Setting the drinking age to 18 would allow these college students to purchase their own drinks and they will for sure know what they bought and it would be closed therefore letting them know it is safe to consume. V. Conclusion †¢ To recap on my speech; the drinking age should be lowered to the age of 18 in the United States. Not only is t hat the most popular age to drink around the world it is a very reasonable age. By changing the drinking age to 18 then we can really be considered as adults and will be responsible for our own actions. How to cite Lower the U.S. Drinking Age, Essay examples

Political Parties Essays (1191 words) - Poverty, Underclass

Political Parties It is my understanding that the Libertarian, Neo Liberal, the compassionate Conservative and the Progressive share one thing in common even though it may see that way. All seek the means to find a "Just Society" in which this nation can benefit economically and socially. The view point of the Libertarian on W2, would use the argument of it is not fare for those whom had to work hard for what they have. Why should somebody who is able to work should be given another chance to better themselves. Not only did my taxes try to help you, but you didn't even take advantage of it. The underclass that did not take in to full consideration of what was being given to them. They shouldn't be given help, its their problem that they are where they are and why should I pay for their mistakes? The means of making yourself a better citizen and working force are there. If I worked hard why cant you? The view point of the Libertarian is strong in saying you must take action for your responsibility as a working citizen that is able to fend for themselves. And it is not the governments role to help you live your life. Instead helping the underclass it making matters worse not only is government making people believe that government is there to pay for your mistakes, especially when its my hard earned money on the line. In order to really help the underclass is by giving the power to non profit organizations, churches, community centers where people really are affected, not in some building that will make you think, " Oh I can afford to quit my job, because I know that I get that welfare check and the food stamps." The final thought from the Liberal is that it doesn't see that governments role is to make life easier. The Neo-Liberal, " We must talk about such things as efficiency and effectiveness is we ever want to achieve social justice". The question the N.L. would raise is why haven't these people better themselves? ? it is our responsibility as leaders and as citizens to help fellow Americans. Thus we must find what went wrong. The N.L., which I will admit I don't fully understand its view points that well. I would say is a lot more willing to spend tax payers money on more programs such as W2, to help those of the underclass to obtain a better living standard. But programs that help, meaning that it just doesn't make people who need it but keeping the main idea that, to create "effectiveness". Effectiveness in which we can see the results, and do away with biased programs such as affirmative action which are in reality unjust and unethical. The compassionate Conservative main idea and focus to my understanding is "free market". The C.C. would say that the government shouldn't create another program to help those that for some reason did not benefit from it. To help the underclass by doing away with such programs that don't help, but in fact make their situation worse. These individuals were given the chance, no, the opportunity to better themselves. Why should government continue to give a free ride to these individuals that do not take the individual responsibility. Let the individual take action for his or her responsibility to make it in the free market . And not waiting for the government to continue it's free ride. Its view points is that government is not doing its duty by helping the free market , by creating more programs with tax payers money that don't affect the root of the problem, the community. You cant change a person, but you can change the environment in which they live. Also I see that it is more willing to give power to the churches and community centers. Rather than to create more programs that do not help the free market , but create more social problems , i.e. teen pregnancies and welfare abuse. The Progressives view point is that the key to social justice os the barrier of racism. That the biggest problem in the underclass is black America. It is a common stereotype that it is black America that faces this problem. The reality is that it isn't just minorities its also is the white Americans. In order to do away with this problem the view point of the Progressive is the encouragement of racial diversity. Therefore creating tolerance for one another would reach

Anthem Report essays

Anthem Report essays If I could summarize Anthem in a few words, I would say that it was a book about people struggling to find themselves. The story takes place in a city that is moving technologically backwards sometime in the future. I would describe the main character, Equality 7-2521, as a hero who stands up in what he believes in. Equality is an indirect character because the author didn't just tell us what he was like. You could tell that he was a nice person the way he thought and acted. He was pretty much a static character because he didn't change much throughout the book. He changed a little bit, but not enough to call him a dynamic character. I would say its somewhere in the middle. Equality is definitely a flat character. He stuck to one thing throughout the book, which is how much different he was than everybody else. My favorite line that Equality said is "We shall never leave this house nor let it be taken from us". This line tells you what type of person Equality was. It is showing you that he was strong in what he believed in and determined to do the right thing. Nobody really liked him except the people he had grown up with. The World Council was afraid of him because of his invention. It doesn't really say how he dressed, but I'm guessing he wore really dirty old clothes since he was a street sweeper and didn't have no money. In a nutshell, the plot is about a boy named Equality 7-2521 and a girl named Liberty 5-3000 trying to find the word I. Without a doubt, the climax of the story was when Equality 7-2521 ran away into the Uncharted forest. I found that when he found the underground tunnel to be the best part of the book. Each of these aspects of the novel helps to make it exciting and interesting. ...

Types of Chemical Bonds in Proteins

Types of Chemical Bonds in Proteins Proteins are biological polymers constructed from amino acids joined together to form peptides. These peptide subunits may bond with other peptides to form more complex structures.  Multiple types of chemical bonds hold proteins together and bind them to other molecules. Take a closer look at the chemical bonds responsible for protein structure. Peptide Bonds The primary structure of a protein consists of amino acids chained to each other. Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds. A peptide bond is a type of covalent bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid.  Amino acids themselves are made of atoms joined together by covalent bonds. Hydrogen Bonds The secondary structure describes the three-dimensional folding or coiling of a chain of amino acids (e.g., beta-pleated sheet, alpha helix). This three-dimensional shape is held in place by hydrogen bonds. A hydrogen bond is a dipole-dipole interaction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom, such as nitrogen or oxygen.  A single polypeptide chain may contain multiple alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheet regions. Each alpha-helix is stabilized by hydrogen bonding between the amine and carbonyl groups on the same polypeptide chain. The beta-pleated sheet is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the amine groups of one polypeptide  chain and  carbonyl groups on a second adjacent chain. Hydrogen Bonds, Ionic Bonds, Disulfide Bridges While secondary structure describes the shape of chains of amino acids in space, tertiary structure is the overall shape assumed by the entire molecule, which may contain  regions of both sheets and coils. If a protein consists of one polypeptide chain, a tertiary structure is the highest level of structure.  Hydrogen bonding affects the tertiary structure of a protein. Also, the R-group of each amino acid may be either hydrophobic or hydrophilic. Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions Some proteins are made of subunits in which protein molecules bond together to form a larger unit. An example of such a protein is hemoglobin. Quaternary structure describes how the subunits fit together to form the larger molecule.

Which Housing Should I Get Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Which Housing Should I Get - Assignment Example The report gives an overview of the labor market and local housing conditions in Salt Lake County, which is my area of residence near my family home. Also, the housing analysis report includes the calculations of how much money I will earn after graduation, as well as the affordable homes for rent. There is a consideration of the mortgage interest rates in case I will buy a house. In addition, the paper discusses the pros and cons of the interested properties and their location, as well as, the assumptions made before coming to the final housing choice. The current status of the job market is still poor, having in mind that the American economy is recovering from the global financial crisis of 2008. The rate of youth unemployment remains high although it is unpredictable in the future. However, the labor and housing markets have recently started recovering and thus there is hope for employment of the youths (Utah Economic Council, 2014). Based on the current status of the jobs market, one can only get a short term employment contract earning you a living wage. It is sensible for a fresh graduate getting such a salary to rent a house after graduation, although some may borrow loans in the form of mortgages to buy houses, with the aid of their parents. The level of income usually affects the type of a house one lives and the standards of living, as well. The housing conditions are reportedly to have improved due to the on-going recovery of the economy from the Great Recession. However, there is a likelihood of the increase in housing prices in the coming few years and, for this reason, many people are opting for buying their homes (Utah Economic Council, 2014). Currently, in Utah, the mortgage default rates are high, and many people are going bankrupt. It is a hard decision to make for whoever is willing to get housing facilities from this county. From the facts of the housing markets, it is evident that housing is costly and also a unique consumer product

Respiratory Service Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Respiratory Service - Research Paper Example The proposed Respiratory Service has the following key features: The pulmonary rehabilitation programme will allow the patients with COPD to be discharged from the outpatients. "This will allow more access to the Respiratory Outpatients. Moreover by increasing the educational support to both the patients and the nursing staff the following objectives can be achieved: With this kind of a limited model of multi disciplinary working with the additional specialist respiratory practitioner and respiratory service assistant, it can be proved that with this set up and with more inputs the recommendations made by NICE can be easily achieved.3 Consequently a drop in the morbidity and reduction in the instances of hospitalization can be expected. This presentation forms the business case for a sponsorship of the Respiratory Service for a period of two years. As a part of this business case presentation an analysis of the current situation with respect to the provision of the Respiratory Service in general in Kensington and Chel... with respect to the provision of the Respiratory Service in general in Kensington and Chelsea locality as well as the situation prevailing in the Kensington and Chelsea PCT is appended to justify the increase in the number of staff for the provision of an improved service to the patients. 2.1 Diagnosis of COPD - An Overview: Present estimates indicate that in Kensington and Chelsea diagnosis of COPD is being done only in respect of only one third of the patients. It has been observed that on an average an estimated 200 people with the ailment of COPD is contained in the patients list of a GP. The following table (Table 1.1) presents the estimated and registered prevalence of COPD in the area of North West London. Table 2.1 Prevalence of COPD in NWL PCT Estimated Raw Prevalence Smoking Prevalence4 QOF Register Prevalence Est:QOF Register Ratio Lower Upper Mean Hammersmith & Fulham PCT 2,048 4,899 3,474 33.56 1,568 45.1% Hillingdon PCT 3,609 8,633 6,121 27.15 2,615 42.7% Kensington & Chelsea PCT 2,430 5,815 4,123 30.40 1,370 30.1% Westminster PCT 3,047 7,279 5,163 32.88 1,691 32.8% NW London SHA 26,038 62,248 44,143 28.16 14,820 33.6% From the above table it may be observed that in the Kensington and Chelsea area around 30 percent of the true prevalence of COPD was registered through QOF as of November 2005. 2.2 Shortcomings of the Current Care Plans in Terms of Cost Involved: On the basis of an assessment of the current level of the provision of the services it has been ascertained that the there is no integration of the care pathways which leads to lack of comprehension in the services to the patients. There is only a limited access to the Pulmonary Rehabilitation5. Since there are no ways of extending the treatment to the patients in the normal way most of the

Prehistoric Culture Culture in the Stone Age

Prehistoric Culture Culture in the Stone Age CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION: Prehistory is a term used to denote the long period of time before people began making written records. Some people believe that prehistoric people had lived on earth for millions of years before writing was invented more than 5,000 years ago. Recent finds of prehistoric fossils have led some scientists to believe that the first hominids, or human like creatures may have appeared in Africa seven million years ago. They think that a large range of different hominid species developed over the next millions of years. Some scientists think that the first species of Homo, the genus to which humans belong, emerged about 2.5 million years ago and that their successors eventually began making stone tools, mastering the use of fire, living in cave entrances and simple shelters. Scientists hold that modern humans first appeared in Africa more than 160,000 years ago, eventually leaving that continent to spread across the whole world. In Europe, they are thought to have lived at the same time as another species, the Neanderthals. When the Neanderthals died out, modern humans became the only hominids left on earth. Some of our hunter gatherer ancestors eventually took up farming, and their early settlements gradually grew into cities and formed the basis for the first civilizations on earth. After people found time to devote to art, religion and trade, the invention of writing finally marked the end of the prehistoric period. Prehistory is about sets of sites, artifacts and landscapes from the past which we try to understand in the present, putting the evidence we have in the context of their contemporary environments, both physical and social. The chronological scheme for understanding prehistory, the so called Three Age System, was mainly developed in Europe. The three-age system is the periodization of human prehistory into three consecutive time periods, named for their respective predominant tool-making technologies; the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. The Stone Age was divided into two by the start of farming, with the Old Stone Age(Paleolithic, with its own three divisions-lower, middle and upper) succeeded by the New Stone Age(Neolithic). The metal age of bronze and iron(the Mesolithic Age), it was thought saw the development of tribal societies with sophisticated farming and the ability to build monuments like hill forts or create metal objects. Some of humans greatest achievements were made by prehistoric people. They created the worlds first languages, and learned to make tools and clothes and to control fire. They invented art, religion, farming, boats, and the wheel. Prehistoric people also settled the world, from the Arctic to the deserts of Australia. All the evidence that we have for our prehistoric past comes from material remains-objects and sites-that ancient people have left behind. It is the task of archaeologists to find and interpret this evidence. Many prehistoric sites have been discovered by accident, such as Seahenge in England, an ancient wooden monument revealed by the tide in 1998. Other prehistoric features, including standing stones and burial mounds, stand out in the landscape. The first question archaeologists ask about any prehistoric site is, How old is it?. 1.1 WHAT IS CULTURE ? Term traditionally used in prehistoric archaeology to define a specific collection of portable material objects, most often stone and bone tools, that exhibit similarity in a number of variables and that are found within a delimited region and time period. Culture also refers to a shared system of learned behaviors, passed on through several generations and thus characteristic of particular groups or communities. In this sense, there is considerable debate over whether humans are the only living primate species with culture, and, if so, when culture first appeared. At one extreme, only anatomically modern humans are considered to have possessed culture; at the other, chimpanzees and even certain species of cercepithecoid monkeys (macaques, baboons) are described as exhibiting culture in the form of long-term learned behavioral differences between populations. 1.2 EVOLUTION: The theory that living things evolve with time, giving rise to new species, was first proposed in the 1790s by English scientist Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802). But there was no convincing explanation as to exactly how a species might evolve. Then, in 1859, Erasmuss grandson Charles Darwin (1809-1882) published The Origin of Species, in which he explained that evolution was driven by a process he called natural selection. Darwins theory led to the conclusion that humans and apes had evolved from a common ancestor. Hominization is the evolutionary process that results in the present human being. It was a very long process. The first ancestors of the human beings appeared about five million years ago. We call them Australopithecus. They were quite similar to chimpanzees. Two million years ago a new human species called Homo Habilis appeared. They made tools of stone and lived on hunting and gathering. Homo Habilis and Australopithecus lived in Africa. Homo erectus appeared a million and a half years ago. They were similar to Homo habilis but they made more perfect tools. They had a greater technological development. This species discovered and learned how to use fire. Home erectus remains have been found out of Africa, in Europe andAsia. Homo antecessor is an extinct human species discovered in the Atapuerca site ( Spain). He appeared about 800,000 years ago. Most probably he is the oldest European. He is a common ancestor of Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens. Then, about 100,000 years ago Homo sapiens appeared. This species is divided into two subtypes: Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis or Neanderthal man and Homo sapiens sapiens. Neanderthal man looked like us but he was more robust and sturdy. This species became extinct. Homo sapiens sapiens is the species we belong to. Archaeologists have found remains of Homo sapiens in America and Australia. The continent where human beings first appeared is Africa. Homo erectus were the first human beings to leave Africa. Their remains have been found in Asia, Europe and Africa. In America and Australia, there are no remains of Homo erectus.The only vestiges that archaeologists have found there belong to Homo sapiens. There are several characteristics that make human beings different from other similar species: they invent tools thanks to the evolution of their intellect; they can walk on two legs (biped walk) so they can work with their hands; they have an opposable thumb, which, for example, allows them to make tools or write; and., finally, the fact that learning is possible because human beings develop a symbolic language and have a long childhood. Homo Neanderthalensis Homo Erectus Homo Sapiens Austrelopithecus The basic timeline of Prehistory is dominated by the so-called Old Stone Age or Paleolithic era, which lasted (roughly) from 1,600,000 until 10,000 BCE. It spans three periods: (1) Lower Paleolithic (2,500,000-200,000 BCE) (2) Middle Paleolithic (200,000-30,000 BCE) (3) Upper Paleolithic (40,000-10,000 BCE). After this comes a transitional phase called the Mesolithic period (sometimes known as epipaleolithic), ending with the spread of agriculture, followed by the Neolithic period (the New Stone Age) which witnessed the establishment of permanent settlements. The Stone Age ends as stone tools become superseded by the new products of bronze and iron metallurgy, and is followed by the Bronze and Iron ages. CHAPTER 2: PALEOLITHIC AGE: The period, also known as the stone age, encompasses the first widespread use of technology-as humans progressed from simpler to more complex developmental stages-and the spread of humanity from the savannas of East Africa to the rest of the world. It is generally said to have begun approximately 500,000 years ago and to have ended about 6,000 B.C.E. It ends with the development of agriculture, the domestication of certain animals, and the smelting of copper ore to produce metal. It is termed pre-historical, since humanity had not yet started writing-which is seen as the traditional start of (recorded) history. Knowledge of human life at this time is confined to generalities. Scientists do not have records of individual lives or of the achievements of individual contributors to human development. As technology enabled humans to settle in larger numbers, however, more rules were needed to regulate life, which gave rise to ethical codes. Religious belief, reflected in cave art, also be came more sophisticated. Death and burial rites evolved. As hunting and gathering gave way to agriculture and as some people became artisans, trading implements they produced, even larger settlements, such as Jericho, appear. Art and music also developed as some people had more time for leisure. Human society emerged as more self-consciously collective. People became aware that they faced the same challenges, so co-operation was better than competition. In the early Paleolithic period, each clan or family group regarded themselves as the people to the exclusion of others. Strangers may not even have been thought of as human. With settlement, this changed and community identity became more important than individual identity. 2.1 MATERIAL CULTURE DURING THE PALEOLITHIC ERA: IMPLEMENTS AND TOOLS: Implements are essentially an extension of human limbs-the extension of the fist and tooth with the stone ; the arm with the stick; the hand or mouth with a bag or basket. If an implement such as a stone, picked up and thrown, is the beginning of human technical process, that progress becomes unlimited once the tool is developed. The tool-the implement to make implements-creates the possibility of producing far more different types of implements than could by simply selected from nature. The process of making tools, first by chipping from stone, then by grinding, and finally from metal by hammering and casting, underlies all our modern techniques of dealing physically with material objects. Through the practice of tool making, men learned the mechanical properties of many natural products and thus laid the basis for physical science. Paleolithic means Old Stone. In the Paleeolithic objects were made of stone, wood and animal bones. Most objects were made of stone and that is why this period was also called Stone Age. The technique to make tools and objects out of stone was very simple. They knocked two stones together until they got small pieces from one of them. These pieces became cutting objects. They used them to hunt and cut animal skins and meat. Examples of objects made of wood and animal bones are: harpoons, needles and lances CLOTHING: Partly from the need to carry things about, at first only food and implements, came the custom of attaching objects more or less permanently to the body, wherever a convenient hold could be made, in the hair, round the neck, waist, wrists and ankles. These attachments tended to become distinctive and ornamental. Feathers, bones and skins were added. Then came the crucial discovery that furry skin helped to keep people warm on cold nights and in winters. From this came clothes, first in isolated skin, cloaks and skirts then sew and tailored garments. FOOD: Food sources of the early hunter-gatherer humans of the Paleolithic Age included both animals and plants that were part of the natural environment in which these humans lived, often animal organ meats, including the liver, kidneys, and brains. They consumed little dairy food or carbohydrate-rich plant foods like legumes or cereal grains. Current research indicates that two-thirds of the energy was derived from animal foods. FIRE AND COOKERY: Fire was discovered about half a million years ago. For human beings in the Paleolithic Age it was one of the most important discoveries. The climate was extremely cold and with fire they could heat and light their caves, cook their food and frighten wild animals away. How man came across fire and why he dared to tame and feed it is yet to be discovered. The preservation and propagation of fire must at first have been frightening, hazardous and difficult. At first it must have been used to warm the body on cold nights. Cooking could only have come once the camp fire had become an established custom. Just as the tool is the basis of physical and mechanical science, so is fire the basis of chemical science. First of all came the very simple and essentially chemical practice of cooking. It is from the accidental use of fire that the more specifically controllable and scientific uses of fire in pottery and later in metal-making first arose. It was not very difficult to roast meat on sticks, but boiling represents a real problem, the solution of which was to lead to further great advances. The crucial discovery, was that by coating a basket with thick clay it could be put on the fire and actually improved in the process. In time it was discovered, probably towards the end of the Old Stone Age, that the basket could be dispensed with and clay pottery made that would hold water and stand fire. PRIMITIVE ART: For this, we have the evidence of the most detailed knowledge of nature possessed today by all tribes still in the hunting phase and by the large part that animal dances play in their ceremonies. All this is shown by widely dispersed cave paintings, drawings and sculptures, which are almost exclusively of animals. These representations don not stop at the outside of the animal, often bones, heart and entrails are also shown giving evidence of the origin of anatomy arising from the cutting up of game. A rock painting at Bhimbetka, India, a World heritage site. 2.2 SOCIAL BASIS OF PRIMITIVE LIFE: LANGUAGE: The cooperation of several individuals in the pursuit of food with their bare hands or with unshaped sticks and stones is possible only by the use of gesture or words. Early language must have mainly dealt with the getting of food, including the movements of people and the making and using of implements. Language must have been, from the very beginning, almost entirely arbitrary and conventional. In each community the meaning of sounds had to win acceptance and be fixed by tradition into a complete language capable of dealing with the totality of material and social life. FOOD GATHERING AND HUNTING: DIVISION OF LABOUR The general ecological character of the human groups was determined at first almost exclusively, later very largely by how they got their food. To begin with they must have collected anything they could eat-seeds, nuts, fruit, roots, insects etc. All primitive people still surviving have passed into the next stage where food gathering is supplemented by hunting large animals. The necessarily small social groups of the early Stone Age maintained their continuity through the women, while the young men for the most part must have gone off and mated with girls of other groups to which they then attached themselves. This corresponded to an economic division in which the women collected fruits, nuts, grains while men caught game and fish. The further development of big game hunting a mans business increased mans importance as a prime food-getter. It may be that this, combined with the extra strength, aggressiveness and skill that went with it, led towards the end of the Stone Age to the dominance of men over women. RELIGIOUS/BURIAL CUSTOMS: A number of archeologists propose that Middle Paleolithic societies such as Neanderthal societies may also have practiced the earliest form of totemism or animal worship. Animal cults in the following Upper Paleolithic period, such as the bear cult, may have had their origins in these hypothetical Middle Paleolithic animal cults. The oldest known burials can be attributed to the Middle Paleolithic Period. The corpses, accompanied by stone tools and parts of animals, were laid in holes in the ground and sometimes the corpses were especially protected. In some cases, the findings give the impression that the dead were to be held onto. Whether or not that meant that the dead were to be cared for lovingly or that their return was to be feared, it implies, in any case, a belief in life after death in some form. But it is not necessary to infer a belief in separate souls; rather, it could also indicate the concept of a living corpse. SACRIFICES: Sacrifices (i.e., the presentation of offerings to higher beings or to the dead) appear as early as the Middle Paleolithic Period. Pits with some animal bones have been found in the vicinity of burial sites; thus, it is a likely possibility that they represent offerings to the dead. There is a dispute over the interpretation of the arrangement of the skulls and long bones of bears, since they are deposited in such a manner that it is hardly possible to discern a profane explanation. It is assumed that they had a cultic or magical significance. Most likely, certain parts of the prey, such as the head and the meaty shanks, or at least the bones with brain and marrow, were sacrificed. Even if it cannot be definitely stated who the recipient of these sacrifices was, analogies with present-day primitive phenomena make it likely that a part of the prey was offered to a higher being who was believed to dispense nourishment. CHAPTER 3: MESOLITHIC ERA: The Mesolithic period is a transitional era between the ice-affected hunter-gatherer culture of the Upper Paleolithic, and the farming culture of the Neolithic. The greater the effect of the retreating ice on the environment of a region, the longer the Mesolithic era lasted. So, in areas with no ice (eg. the Middle East), people transitioned quite rapidly from hunting/gathering to agriculture. Their Mesolithic period was therefore short, and often referred to as the Epi-Paleolithic or Epipaleolithic. By comparison, in areas undergoing the change from ice to no-ice, the Mesolithic era and its culture lasted much longer. The Mesolithic is characterized in most areas by small composite flint tools microliths and microburins. Fishing tackle, stone adzes and wooden objects, e.g. canoes and bows, have been found at some sites MESOLITHIC CULTURES: As the ice disappeared, to be replaced by grasslands and forests, mobility and flexibility became more important in the hunting and acquisition of food. As a result, Mesolithic cultures are characterized by small, lighter flint tools, quantities of fishing tackle, stone adzes, bows and arrows. Very gradually, at least in Europe, hunting and fishing was superceded by farming and the domestication of animals. The three main European Mesolithic cultures are: Azilian, Tardenoisian and Maglemosian. Azilian was a stone industry, largely microlithic, associated with Ofnet Man. Tardenoisian, associated with Tardenoisian Man, produced small flint blades and small flint implements with geometrical shapes, together with bone harpoons using flint flakes as barbs. Maglemosian (northern Europe) was a bone and horn culture, producing flint scrapers, borers and core-axes. MESOLITHIC ROCK ART: Artworks created during the Mesolithic period reflect the arrival of new living conditions and hunting practices caused by the disappearance of the great herds of animals from Spain and France, at the end of the Ice Age. Forests now cloaked the landscape, necessitating more careful and cooperative hunting arrangements. European Mesolithic rock art gives more space to human figures, and is characterized by keener observation, and greater narrative in the paintings. Also, because of the warmer weather, it moves from caves to outdoor sites in numerous locations across Europe, Asia, Africa, Australasia and the Americas. For example, in Africa, a number of bushman rock paintings were found in the Waterberg area which date from about 8,000 BCE. In India, the paintings in the Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka, derive from Mesolithic artists. A good deal of Australian Aboriginal art (eg. from Arnhem Land) dates from Mesolithic as well as Paleolithic periods. Most of the Aborigines ancient artwork i s stylized rock painting, often executed in a symbolic or abstract manner as many were created from a birds eye view. MESOLITHIC SCULPTURE: As well as these stylized cave paintings, the Mesolithic era also featured more 3-D art, including bas-reliefs and free standing sculpture. Early examples of the latter include the anthropomorphic figurines, typically embellished by animals, uncovered in Nevali Cori and GÃ ¶bekli Tepe near Urfa in eastern Asia Minor (now Turkey), dating to 9,000 BCE. The mesolithic statues of Lepenski Vir (eg. The Fish God) in Serbia date from about 5,000 BCE and depict either humans or hybrid figures, part-human, part-fish. MESOLITHIC DECORATIVE CRAFTS: Other examples of this type of new portable art include adornments, like bracelets and painted pebbles, together with decorative drawings on functional objects like paddles and weapons. Ceramic art was also developed, notably by the Jomon culture an early highpoint of Japanese Art whose sophisticated pots have been dated to the 11th millennium BCE. Their clay figures and vessels were typically decorated with patterns created by impressing the wet clay body with cord and sticks. Chinese pottery begins during the Mesolithic period. MESOLITHIC MASTERPIECE: The Thinker From Cernavoda (5000 BCE) One extraordinary example of Neolithic art is the sculpture known as the Thinker From Cernavoda (c.5,000 BCE), discovered in the lower Danube in Romania. It belongs to the Hamangia culture, usually classified as a Neolithic culture practised in Dobruja (Romania and Bulgaria) on the right bank of the Danube in Muntenia, and in the south, but may be connected with mesolithic hunter-gatherers. The uniqueness of the sculpture stems from the fact that the figure is neither a hunting or fertility idol, but simply sits in deep thought. A near-perfect illustration of a thinking Neolithic man. CHAPTER 4: NEOLITHIC OR NEW STONE AGE: Neolithic means New Stone Age. This was a period of primitive technological and social development, toward the end of the Stone Age. Beginning in the 10th millennium BCE (12,000 BP), the Neolithic period saw the development of early villages, agriculture, animal domestication, tools and the onset of the earliest recorded incidents of warfare It is characterized by the discovery of stone implements that were polished, and, in particular, the stone axe that was bound to a wooden handle. There were also numerous arrow-heads that were found. Also found was the beginning of a sort of agriculture, as well as the use of plants and seeds. Evidences of hunting revealed that there were hunters among Neolithic humans. There is also evidence revealing the domestication of animals, such as dogs, cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. Hunters began tending the herds that they hunted. Also discovered are evidences of pottery, plaiting and weaving. In the Mesolithic period, people built up knowledge about harvesting wild foods. In the Middle East, they specialized in gathering the seeds of wild grasses. Between 10,000 and 9000 bce, people learned how to store and sow seeds of plants, which then changed as a result of human selection. Wild wheat has brittle stalks that shatter when ripe, releasing grains to be spread by the wind. People harvested wheat with larger, intact ears, which stayed longer on the plant and eventually created a new wheat with heads that no longer shattered. People also began to control the breeding of animals, such as sheep. They had become farmers. This new period of prehistory is called the Neolithic (New Stone) Age. 4.1 VILLAGE AND RIVER CULTURE: The characteristic economic and cultural unit of the Neolithic age is the village. Village economy is strictly limited in scope and possibility of change. Even where it involves thousands of people, as in some African villages today, it remains an economy in which nearly all the people are occupied most of the time in agricultural pursuits or in the production of locally made and locally used goods. The first step towards larger scale of operations occurred when people tried to practice agriculture in the wide alluvial valleys of rivers which flowed in their lower courses through aris lands. They may have started from the low river banks where seeds could be sown in the wet mud and then gradually cut back the marshes and cleared the river channels. Alternatively, the practice of agriculture in small upland valleys may simply have been pushed downstream step by step into the great valleys. In some such way, a new kind of agriculture based first on natural then on artificial irrigation came into being. 4.2 SOCIAL ORGANIZATION: During most of the Neolithic age, people lived in small tribes of 150-2000 members that were composed of multiple bands or lineages. There is little scientific evidence of developed social stratification in most Neolithic societies; social stratification is more associated with the later Bronze Age. Although some late Neolithic societies formed complex stratified chiefdoms similar to Polynesian societies such as the Ancient Hawaiians, most Neolithic societies were relatively simple and egalitarian. However, Neolithic societies were noticeably more hierarchical than the Paleolithic cultures that preceded them and Hunter-gatherer cultures in general. The domestication of animals (c. 8000 BC) resulted in a dramatic increase in social inequality. Possession of livestock allowed competition between households and resulted in inherited inequalities of wealth. Neolithic pastoralists who controlled large herds gradually acquired more livestock, and this made economic inequalities more pronou nced. CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION: We can conclude by saying that Prehistoric culture refers to human evolution and development that occurred before the discovery of writing. For a short cut, this period is sometimes called the Stone Age. As the sciences of Geology, Paleontology, Anthropology and Archeology have developed, they have, by our time produced a vast, complex body of knowledge about the dawn of the human mind. If we correctly evaluate modern discoveries and proposed hypotheses, it can help us understand human nature and shed light on modern human problems. What is the role of reason in the life of mankind. Question One. What does our current knowledge about prehistoric times tell us about the use of reason in the prehistoric culture? Question Two: How do we use our personal, modern day reason in order to answer Question One. In order to examine the role of reason in prehistoric times, it first behooves us to understand the role of reason in our own lives here and now.